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Put the sentences into passive voice
1. People know that he is armed
=> He is known to be armed
2. People think that the company is planning a new advertising campaign
=> The company is thought to be planning a new advertising campaign.
3. It was reported that the President had suffered a heart attack
=> The President was reported to have suffered a heart attack
4. It is said that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour
=> The man was said to have been driven at 110 miles an hour
5. People know that the expedition reached the South Pole in May
=> The expedition is known to have reached the South Pole in May
6. It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them
=> There is said to be a secret tunnel between them
7. People consider that she was the best singer that Australia has ever produced
=> She is considered to have been the best singer that Australia has ever produced
8. It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow
=> The weather is expected to be good tomorrow
9. A lot of people believe that the Prime Minister and his wife have separated
=> The Prime Minister and his wife are believed to have separated
10. It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by the fire
=> The building is reported to have been badly damaged by the fire
1. People know that he is armed
=> He is known to be armed
2. People think that the company is planning a new advertising campaign
=> The company is thought to plan a new advertising campaign
3. It was reported that the President had suffered a heart attack
=> The President was reported to suffer a heart attack.
4. It is said that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour
=> The man is alleged to have been driving at 110 miles an hour
5. People know that the expedition reached the South Pole in May
=> The expedition is known to have reached the South Pole in may
Put the sentences into passive voice
1. People believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police
=> He is believed to have special knowledge which may be useful to the police
2. Journalists suppose that the football player is earning ten million pounds a year
=> The football player is supposed to be earning ten million pounds a year
3. It is reported that the damage is extensive
=> That damage is reported to be extensive
4. Lots of people believe the criminal is living abroad
=> The criminal is believed to be living abroad
5. People think the government is planning a new airport
=> It is thought that a new airport is being planned
6. People thought Sue had paid too much
=> Sue was thought to have paid too much
7. The police believed that the thief was still in the house
=> The thief was believed to have been still in the house
8. It is believed that the boy is wearing a white T-shirt and ble jeans
=> The boy is believed to be wearing a white T-shirt and ble jeans
9. Everyone knows the portrait was paintes by Picasso
=> The portrait is known to have been paintes by Picasso
1. People believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police
=> He is believed to have special knowladge which may be useful to the police
2. Journalists suppose that the football player is earning ten million pounds a year
=> The football player was supposed by journalists to be earning£10 million a year.
3. It is reported that the damage is extensive
=> That damage is reported to be extensive
4. Lots of people believe the criminal is living abroad
=> The criminal is believed that to be living abroad
5. People think the government is planning a new airport
=> It is thought that the government is planning to build a new airport
Đáp án: B
Giải thích: Dựa vào câu: “There are five people in her family: her father, her mother, her sister, her brother and her”.
Dịch: Có 5 người trong gia đình cô: bố, mẹ, chị gái, anh trai và cô ấy
Chuyển những câu sau sang câu bị động:
1.We believed that Alice would pass the driving test.
=> It was believed that Alice would pass the driving test.
2.The director notifies all the workers that they will have to work extra hard this month
=> All the workers are notified that they will have to work extra hard this month.
3.They have persuaded me that they will go with me to the stadium
=> I have been persuaded that they will go with me to the stadium.
4.They have decided that the company will go to the beach together at the weekend
=> It has been decided that the company will go to the beach together at the weekend.
5.People think that Mare Dona is the best football player in the 20th century
=> It is thought that Maradona is the best football player in the 20th century.
6.The teacher expleained that this powerful engine pulled the train
=> It was explained that this powerful engine pulled the train.
7.They find that the job is not suitable for a girl like her
=> It is found that the job is not suitable for a girl like her.
8.He told me that this football team had played well last season
=> I was told that his football team had played well last season.
A. viet lai nhung cau sau cho dung nghia :
1.Hoa is school has a lot of students
=> There..are a lot of students in Hoa's school.
2.The meal is delicious
=> What..a delicious meal !
3. He has over 100 stamps in his collection
=> There.are over 100 stamps in his collection.
Rewrite the second sentence as guided so that it has the same meaning to the root one
36.They think that learning English is not easy.
They think that it is not easy to learn English.
37. What is the height of this town?
How high is this town?
38. The book was interesting to most children.
Most children are interested in the book.
39. I’m too poor to buy this apartment ?
I am not rich enough to buy this apartment.
40. No one in my class is as tall as Nam, except Long.
Long is the tallest student in my class.
Sử dụng đại quan hệ từ viết lại câu
1, The pub is osposite the Towl hall. I first met my wife there
=> The pub where I first met my wife is opposite the Town Hall.
2, he was sitting on a chair. It was uncomfortable
=>He was sitting on a chair which was comfortable.
3, he smokes cigarettes. They are very strong
=>He smokes cigarettes which are very strong.
4, let me see the pictures. You took them at Peter’s wedging
=> Let me see the pictures which you took at Peter’s wedding.
5, Some people only think about money. I don’t like them
=> I don’t like some people who only think about money.
6, that girl is Swedish. Tom is in love with her
=>that girl is Swedish with whom Tom is in love
7, Jonh has bought a house. The are ghosts in that house
=>John has bought a house where there are ghosts .
8, some people drive drunk. I never travel with them
=> some people drive drunk with whom I never travel
9, a man sotle 10000usd from a bank. The police have caught him
=>a man sotle 10000usd from a bank whom The police have caught
10,, I bought bananas this morning. I have lost them
=>I bought bananas this morning which I have lost
11, Could you iron those trouses? They ‘re hanging up behind the door
=>Could you iron those trouses which are hanging up behind the door
12, He worked with some people. They thought he was stupid
=> He worked with some people who thought he was stupid
Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the words in brackets.
1. I'll help you(familiar).......familiarize........yourself with the city.
2. Despite the star-stuffed cast, the film was only(part).....partially....successful.
3. I lost my temper becaus he was being so(head)....headstrong.....and was rafusing to accept that he was wrong, despite all the evidence.
4. He wrote the book alone, so he doesn't have a(n)(author)....authorization........
5. He felt very(courage).....discouraged......when he saw he had failed the exam again.
6. Are all those(add)..additives.....they put in food really necessary?
7. The teacher warned the children that if they(behave)......misbehaved..........again.
8. Librarians spend a lot of time(class)......classifying.......books.
9. I don't care if you had had too much to drink. Your behavior last night was quite(defend)........indefensible........
10. Don't worry! Our new product will keep your bathroom clean and(ordour).........odourless.........
11. It was a complete(fail)...failure......due to poor planning.
12. It was very(friend)....unfriendly..of you to slam the door in his face.
13. The man cycled(care)....carelessly.......and had an accident.
14. Could you(straight)......straighten......the picture over the sofa?
15. It's hard to buy meat on the island but fish is(plenty).....plentiful.......
16. I've only been to Paris(one)......once.......before, and that was many years ago.
17. My car is much too(rely)......unreliable.....to take on a long journey.
18. In(conclude)......conclusio...., I'd like to thank the people who have helped me while I have been working here.
19. She was sentenced to forty years(prison)....prinsonal.......for manslaughter.
20. These quantities are(sufficient)........insufficient......for the number of orders received.
FIGHTING!! 
Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the words in brackets.
1. I'll help you(familiar)...FAMILILARLY............yourself with the city.
2. Despite the star-stuffed cast, the film was only(part).PARTAL........successful.
3. I lost my temper becaus he was being so(head).HEADLESS........and was rafusing to accept that he was wrong, despite all the evidence.
4. He wrote the book alone, so he doesn't have a(n)(author)..CO-AUTHOR..........
5. He felt very(courage)...DISCOURAGING........when he saw he had failed the exam again.
6. Are all those(add).ADDITIONS.......they put in food really necessary?
7. The teacher warned the children that if they(behave)...BEHAVIOURED.............again.
8. Librarians spend a lot of time(class)....CLASSIFYING.........books.
9. I don't care if you had had too much to drink. Your behavior last night was quite(defend)...INDEFENSIBLE.............
10. Don't worry! Our new product will keep your bathroom clean and(ordour)...ORDOURLESS...............
11. It was a complete(fail).FAILURE........due to poor planning.
12. It was very(friend)...UNFRIENDLY.........of you to slam the door in his face.
13. The man cycled(care).....CARELESSLY......and had an accident.
14. Could you(straight)..STRAIGHTEN..........the picture over the sofa?
15. It's hard to buy meat on the island but fish is(plenty).PLENTIFUL............
16. I've only been to Paris(one)....ONCE.........before, and that was many years ago.
17. My car is much too(rely)..RELIABLE.........to take on a long journey.
18. In(conclude)..CONCLUSION........, I'd like to thank the people who have helped me while I have been working here.
19. She was sentenced to forty years(prison).IMPRISONMENT..........for manslaughter.
20. These quantities are(sufficient).INSUFFICIENT.............for the number of orders received.
Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ
Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?
Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.
Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.
Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.
Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.
REM và mơ ước
Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.
Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.
Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.
Nghiên cứu mới
Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.
Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.
Vậy kết luận là gì?
Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.
Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?
Some theories of the purpose of dreams
Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?
Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.
The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.
Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.
Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.
REM and dreaming
Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.
Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.
It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.
New research
Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.
Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.
So what’s the conclusion?
Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.
Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?
