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2) Theo nguyên lí Dirichlet, trong ba số \(a^2-1;b^2-1;c^2-1\) có ít nhất hai số nằm cùng phía với 1.
Giả sử đó là a2 - 1 và b2 - 1. Khi đó \(\left(a^2-1\right)\left(b^2-1\right)\ge0\Leftrightarrow a^2b^2-a^2-b^2+1\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2b^2+3a^2+3b^2+9\ge4a^2+4b^2+8\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a^2+3\right)\left(b^2+3\right)\ge4\left(a^2+b^2+2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a^2+3\right)\left(b^2+3\right)\left(c^2+3\right)\ge4\left(a^2+b^2+1+1\right)\left(1+1+c^2+1\right)\) (2)
Mà \(4\left[\left(a^2+b^2+1+1\right)\left(1+1+c^2+1\right)\right]\ge4\left(a+b+c+1\right)^2\) (3)(Áp dụng Bunhicopxki và cái ngoặc vuông)
Từ (2) và (3) ta có đpcm.
Sai thì chịu
Xí quên bài 2 b:v
b) Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử \(\left(a^2-\frac{1}{4}\right)\left(b^2-\frac{1}{4}\right)\ge0\)
Suy ra \(a^2b^2-\frac{1}{4}a^2-\frac{1}{4}b^2+\frac{1}{16}\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2b^2+a^2+b^2+1\ge\frac{5}{4}a^2+\frac{5}{4}b^2+\frac{15}{16}\)
Hay \(\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\ge\frac{5}{4}\left(a^2+b^2+\frac{3}{4}\right)\)
Suy ra \(\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)\ge\frac{5}{4}\left(a^2+b^2+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}+c^2+\frac{1}{2}\right)\)
\(\ge\frac{5}{4}\left(\frac{1}{2}a+\frac{1}{2}b+\frac{1}{2}c+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2=\frac{5}{16}\left(a+b+c+1\right)^2\) (Bunhiacopxki) (đpcm)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\frac{1}{2}\)
Câu 3: 9x + 5y + 18 = 2xy
<=> 9(x - 2) - 2y(x - 2) = -y - 36
<=> (x - 2)(9 - 2y) = -y - 36
<=> x - 2 = \(\dfrac{-y-36}{9-2y}\) (1)
Do x - 2 nguyên nên \(-y-36⋮9-2y\)
\(\Rightarrow2y+72⋮9-2y\)\(\Rightarrow2y+72+9-2y⋮9-2y\)
\(\Rightarrow81⋮9-2y\)\(\Rightarrow9-2y\in\left\{1;-1;3;-3;9;-9;27;-27;81;-81\right\}\)
\(\Rightarrow y\in\left\{4;5;3;6;0;9;-9;18;-36;45\right\}\)
Thay lần lượt giá trị của y vào (1) ta được các cặp giá trị (x;y) thỏa mãn là: (43;5); (-11;3); (7;9); (1;-9); (3;45)
Câu 4:
a) 2x2 + 2x + 1 = \(\sqrt{4x+1}\) (đk: \(x\ge-\dfrac{1}{4}\))
\(\Rightarrow\left(2x^2+2x+1\right)^2=4x+1\)
<=> 4x4 + 4x2 + 1 + 8x3 + 4x + 4x2 - 4x - 1 = 0
<=> 4x4 + 8x3 + 8x2 = 0 (*)
+) x = 0, thay vào (*) thỏa mãn
+) x \(\ne0\), chia cả 2 vế của (*) cho 4x2 ta được:
x2 + 2x + 2 = 0
<=> (x + 1)2 + 1 = 0, vô nghiệm
Vậy pt có nghiệm x = 0
Bài 1:
\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ac=0\Leftrightarrow bc=-ab-ac\)
\(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+2bc}=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+bc-ab-ac}=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}\)
CMTT: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+2ca}=\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-c\right)\left(b-a\right)}\\\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+2ab}=\dfrac{c^2}{\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(M=\dfrac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=1\)
Bài 2:
\(a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc=\left(a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3\right)+c^3-3abc-3a^2b-3ab^2\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)=\left(a+b+c\right)\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-\left(a+b\right)c+c^2\right]-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac\right)=0\)(do \(a+b+c=0\))
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{0}{\left(a-b\right)^3+\left(b-c\right)^3+\left(c-a\right)^3}=0\)
chị giải thích cho em cái đoạn này với ạ
\(\dfrac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}=1\)
Lời giải:
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:
\(a^3+1=(a+1)(a^2-a+1)\leq \left(\frac{a+1+a^2-a+1}{2}\right)^2=\left(\frac{a^2+2}{2}\right)^2\)
\(b^3+1\leq \left(\frac{b^2+2}{2}\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow \sqrt{(a^3+1)(b^3+1)}\leq \frac{(a^2+2)(b^2+2)}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow \frac{a^2}{\sqrt{(a^3+1)(b^3+1)}}\geq \frac{4a^2}{(a^2+2)(b^2+2)}\)
Hoàn toàn tương tự với các phân thức còn lại:
\(\Rightarrow \text{VT}\geq \underbrace{\frac{4a^2}{(a^2+2)(b^2+2)}+\frac{4b^2}{(b^2+2)(c^2+2)}+\frac{4c^2}{(c^2+2)(a^2+2)}}_{M}\)
Ta cần CM \(M\geq \frac{4}{3}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow \frac{a^2(c^2+2)+b^2(a^2+2)+c^2(b^2+2)}{(a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)}\geq \frac{1}{3}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 3(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)+6(a^2+b^2+c^2)\geq (a^2+2)(b^2+2)(c^2+2)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 3(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)+6(a^2+b^2+c^2)\geq (abc)^2+2(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)+4(a^2+b^2+c^2)+8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2+2(a^2+b^2+c^2)\geq 72\)
Điều này luôn đúng do theo BĐT AM-GM thì: \(\left\{\begin{matrix} a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\geq 3\sqrt[3]{(abc)^4}=3\sqrt[3]{8^4}=48\\ 2(a^2+b^2+c^2)\geq 6\sqrt[3]{(abc)^2}=6\sqrt[3]{8^2}=24\end{matrix}\right.\)
Do đó ta có đpcm
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=c=2$
giả sử \(a\ge b\ge c\ge0\)
Ta có: \(a+\frac{b}{2}-\frac{a^2+ab+b^2}{a+b}=\frac{1}{2}\left(ab-b^2\right)\ge0\Rightarrow a+\frac{b}{2}\ge\frac{a^2+ab+b^2}{a+b}\)
\(b+\frac{a}{2}-\frac{a^2+ab+b^2}{a+b}=\frac{1}{2}\left(ab-a^2\right)\le0\Rightarrow b+\frac{a}{2}\le\frac{a^2+ab+b^2}{a+b}\)
Tương tự: \(b+\frac{c}{2}\ge\frac{b^2+bc+c^2}{b+c}\ge c+\frac{b}{2};a+\frac{c}{2}\ge\frac{a^2+ac+c^2}{a+c}\ge c+\frac{a}{2}\)
Lại có:+) \(\frac{a^3-b^3}{a+b}+\frac{b^3-c^3}{b+c}+\frac{c^3-a^3}{c+a}\)
\(=\left(a-b\right)\frac{a^2+ab+b^2}{a+b}+\left(b-c\right)\frac{b^2+bc+c^2}{b+c}-\left(a-c\right)\frac{a^2+ac+c^2}{a+c}\)
\(\ge\left(a-b\right)\left(b+\frac{a}{2}\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(c+\frac{a}{2}\right)-\left(a-c\right)\left(a+\frac{c}{2}\right)\)
\(\ge\frac{-1}{4}\left[\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\right]\left(1\right)\)
+) \(\frac{a^3-b^3}{a+b}+\frac{b^3-c^3}{b+c}+\frac{c^3-a^3}{c+a}\)
\(=\left(a-b\right)\frac{a^2+ab+b^2}{a+b}+\left(b-c\right)\frac{b^2+bc+c^2}{b+c}-\left(a-c\right)\frac{a^2+ac+c^2}{a+c}\)
\(\le\left(a-b\right)\left(a+\frac{b}{2}\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(b+\frac{c}{2}\right)-\left(a-c\right)\left(c+\frac{a}{2}\right)\)
\(\le\frac{1}{4}\left[\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\right]\left(2\right)\)
Từ 1,2 => đpcm
BĐT đã cho tuong duong voi:
\(\left|\frac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\right|\le\frac{1}{4}\left[\Sigma\left(a-b\right)^2\right]\)
Theo AM-GM ta có: \(\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\le\frac{9}{8}\cdot\frac{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}{a+b+c}\)
Có: \(VT\le\frac{9}{8}\left|\frac{\sqrt{\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2}}{\left(a+b+c\right)}\right|=\frac{9\sqrt{\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2}}{8\left(a+b+c\right)}\)
Cần chứng minh: \(4\left(a+b+c\right)^2\left[\Sigma\left(a-b\right)^2\right]^2\ge9\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2\)
Rõ ràng \(\Sigma\left(a-b\right)^2\ge3\sqrt[3]{\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2}\)
Cần cm: \(36\left(a+b+c\right)^2\sqrt[3]{\left(a-b\right)^4\left(b-c\right)^4\left(c-a\right)^4}\ge9\sqrt[3]{\left(a-b\right)^6\left(b-c\right)^6\left(c-a\right)^6}\)
Hay \(4\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge\sqrt[3]{\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2}\)
Tiếp tục là điều hiển nhiên do \(VT\ge4\left[\left(a+b+c\right)^2-3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\right]\)
\(=2\left[\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\right]\)
\(\ge6\sqrt[3]{\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge VP\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(\hept{\begin{cases}\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)=0\\a-b=b-c=c-a\\a=b=c\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c.\)
Bài 1:Với \(ab=1;a+b\ne0\) ta có:
\(P=\frac{a^3+b^3}{\left(a+b\right)^3\left(ab\right)^3}+\frac{3\left(a^2+b^2\right)}{\left(a+b\right)^4\left(ab\right)^2}+\frac{6\left(a+b\right)}{\left(a+b\right)^5\left(ab\right)}\)
\(=\frac{a^3+b^3}{\left(a+b\right)^3}+\frac{3\left(a^2+b^2\right)}{\left(a+b\right)^4}+\frac{6\left(a+b\right)}{\left(a+b\right)^5}\)
\(=\frac{a^2+b^2-1}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\frac{3\left(a^2+b^2\right)}{\left(a+b\right)^4}+\frac{6}{\left(a+b\right)^4}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2-1\right)\left(a+b\right)^2+3\left(a^2+b^2\right)+6}{\left(a+b\right)^4}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2-1\right)\left(a^2+b^2+2\right)+3\left(a^2+b^2\right)+6}{\left(a+b\right)^4}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2+4\left(a^2+b^2\right)+4}{\left(a+b\right)^4}=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2+2\right)^2}{\left(a+b\right)^4}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2+2ab\right)^2}{\left(a+b\right)^4}=\frac{\left[\left(a+b\right)^2\right]^2}{\left(a+b\right)^4}=1\)
Bài 2: \(2x^2+x+3=3x\sqrt{x+3}\)
Đk:\(x\ge-3\)
\(pt\Leftrightarrow2x^2-3x\sqrt{x+3}+\sqrt{\left(x+3\right)^2}=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2-2x\sqrt{x+3}-x\sqrt{x+3}+\sqrt{\left(x+3\right)^2}=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2x\left(x-\sqrt{x+3}\right)-\sqrt{x+3}\left(x-\sqrt{x+3}\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-\sqrt{x+3}\right)\left(2x-\sqrt{x+3}\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}\sqrt{x+3}=x\\\sqrt{x+3}=2x\end{cases}}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x+3=x^2\left(x\ge0\right)\\x+3=4x^2\left(x\ge0\right)\end{cases}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x^2-x-3=0\left(x\ge0\right)\\4x^2-x-3=0\left(x\ge0\right)\end{cases}}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x=\frac{1+\sqrt{13}}{2}\\x=1\end{cases}\left(x\ge0\right)}\)
Bài 4:
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có:
\(2\sqrt{ab}\le a+b\le1\Rightarrow b\le\frac{1}{4a}\)
Ta có: \(a^2-\frac{3}{4a}-\frac{a}{b}\le a^2-\frac{3}{4a}-4a^2=-\left(3a^2+\frac{3}{4a}\right)\)
\(=-\left(3a^2+\frac{3}{8a}+\frac{3}{8a}\right)\le-3\sqrt[3]{3a^2\cdot\frac{3}{8a}\cdot\frac{3}{8a}}=-\frac{9}{4}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=\frac{1}{2}\)
Ta có \(a+b+c\ge3\sqrt[3]{abc}=3\)
Áp dụng bđt cosi ta có:
\(\frac{a^3}{\left(b+1\right)\left(c+2\right)}+\frac{b+1}{12}+\frac{c+2}{18}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{a^3}{12.18}}=\frac{a}{2}\)
Làm tương tự
=>\(VT+\left(\frac{a+1}{12}+\frac{a+2}{18}\right)+\left(\frac{b+1}{12}+\frac{b+2}{18}\right)+\left(\frac{c+1}{12}+\frac{c+2}{18}\right)\ge\frac{a+b+c}{2}\)
=> \(VT\ge\frac{13}{36}.\left(a+b+c\right)-\frac{7}{12}\ge\frac{13}{36}.3-\frac{7}{12}=\frac{1}{2}\)(ĐPCM)
Bạn cho VP=3/2 có phải tốt không, chứ cái đề nó lộ liễu quá.
\(\frac{a^3}{b\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{2b}{4}+\frac{c+a}{4}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{a^3}{b\left(c+a\right)}.\frac{2b}{4}.\frac{c+a}{4}}=\frac{3a}{2}\)
\(\frac{b^3}{c\left(a+b\right)}+\frac{2c}{4}+\frac{a+b}{4}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{b^3}{c\left(a+b\right)}.\frac{2c}{4}.\frac{a+b}{4}}=\frac{3b}{2}\)
\(\frac{c^3}{a\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{2a}{4}+\frac{b+c}{4}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{c^3}{a\left(b+c\right)}.\frac{2a}{4}.\frac{b+c}{4}}=\frac{3c}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\frac{3\left(a+b+c\right)}{2}-\frac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{4}-\frac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{4}\)\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)\Rightarrowđpcm\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(a=b=c=1\)
