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Use the correct form of the words given to complete the sentences.
1. This volcano is dead, it has been (ACT) inactive for more than a century.
2. The Earth would be happy planet if human beings, animals and plants (PEACE) peacefully co-exist.
3. The US is the word's largest economy, benefiting from an abundance of natural resources and high worker (PRODUCE) productivity.
4. The chemical (POLLUTE) pollutants from cars and factories make the air, water and soil dangerously dirty.
5. You cannot imagine how (SERIOUS) seriously the area was damaged by the flood.
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
Em hãy đọc đoạn văn sau rồi trả lời những câu hỏi bên dưới.
Antarctica is a snow-covered continent. The average temperature at the South Pole is - 510C. Few plants or animals can live on the land- it is too cold for them. There are few scientists from different countries who live and work on speculial bases in Antarctica. On midsummer's day ( December 22nd ) there is daylight for 24 hours and so during this period a few tourists ships and planes come to see this strange land. But in winter there is no daylight for months. It must be a terrible place during the winter. The snow is always there - winter and summer - but in fact, little snow falls in the year ( an average of 12 - 20 cm ). People say that it can be a beautiful place. At first, it appears frightening but after a little time, some people fall in love with it.
1. What is the weather like in Antarctica ?
=> It is very cold.
2. Why can few plants and animals live in Antarctica ?
=> Few plants or animals can live on the land because it is too cold for them.
3. Where do the scientists come from ?
=> They come from different countries who live and work on speculial bases in Antarctica.
4. How many tourist ships and planes come to see this strange land ?
=> A few tourists ships and planes come to see this strange land.
5. What is always there in winter and summer ?
=> The snow is always there - winter and summer.
Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer
The first system of communication of animals is natural. Many kinds of animals have ways of communicating with each other. And one of the most interesting examples is that of bees. These insects communicate with each other by dancing. The most important kind of dance that they do is concerned with food. They get their food from flowers, of course, from plants and trees. When a bee has found some food, it returns to the other bees and can give them three basic kinds of information about the food: which direction it is in, whether it is nearby or a long way away, and whether it is good to eat or poisonous.
The other kind of system of communication of animals is artificial. It means animals learn it; in this case, they learn from man. Several famous experiments have been carried out with chimpanzees, trying to teach them human language.
One of these experiments was done with a chimpanzee called Sarah. Sarah was taught to understand a system of symbols which represented words. The symbols were cut out of coloured plastic, and each different shape stood for a different word. For example, a red square stood for “banana”, Sarah’s favorite fruit. Soon Sarah could not only understand words, but even sentences. She could obey orders: if her human friends put down the symbols for “apple in cup”, she would put the apple in the cup. Later, she began giving the scientists orders – she was writing her own sentences, and she got upset if the scientists did not obey her. We do not yet know whether chimpanzees will ever learn to use language to communicate as freely as human beings do, but the results so far suggest that this is at least a possibility.
41) According to the passage, bees ____________________________________.
A. learn to communicate B. are born to be able to communicate
C. are the most interesting animals D. communicate with each other by flying
42) From the passage, we can conclude that bees are _____________________.
A. so selfish as to let other bees share the bad food
B. so selfish as to look for food for themselves
C. so hardworking that they dance all the time
D. so smart that they know where the food is
43) The experiment done with Sarah is an example of ____________________.
A. animals with natural system of communication
B. animals able to communicate with humans
C. animals possible to use language as humans
D. animals with a system of communication worked out by humans
44) The results of the experiment with chimpanzees show the possibility to teach animals _____.
A. how to use language freely
B. how to give orders
C. how to obey orders
D. how to understand words and sentences
45) The phrase “concerned with” is closest in meaning to ________________.
A. interested in B. responsible for C. related to D. joined to
Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer
The first system of communication of animals is natural. Many kinds of animals have ways of communicating with each other. And one of the most interesting examples is that of bees. These insects communicate with each other by dancing. The most important kind of dance that they do is concerned with food. They get their food from flowers, of course, from plants and trees. When a bee has found some food, it returns to the other bees and can give them three basic kinds of information about the food: which direction it is in, whether it is nearby or a long way away, and whether it is good to eat or poisonous.
The other kind of system of communication of animals is artificial. It means animals learn it; in this case, they learn from man. Several famous experiments have been carried out with chimpanzees, trying to teach them human language.
One of these experiments was done with a chimpanzee called Sarah. Sarah was taught to understand a system of symbols which represented words. The symbols were cut out of coloured plastic, and each different shape stood for a different word. For example, a red square stood for “banana”, Sarah’s favorite fruit. Soon Sarah could not only understand words, but even sentences. She could obey orders: if her human friends put down the symbols for “apple in cup”, she would put the apple in the cup. Later, she began giving the scientists orders – she was writing her own sentences, and she got upset if the scientists did not obey her. We do not yet know whether chimpanzees will ever learn to use language to communicate as freely as human beings do, but the results so far suggest that this is at least a possibility.
41) According to the passage, bees ____________________________________.
A. learn to communicate B. are born to be able to communicate
C. are the most interesting animals D. communicate with each other by flying
42) From the passage, we can conclude that bees are _____________________.
A. so selfish as to let other bees share the bad food
B. so selfish as to look for food for themselves
C. so hardworking that they dance all the time
D. so smart that they know where the food is
43) The experiment done with Sarah is an example of ____________________.
A. animals with natural system of communication
B. animals able to communicate with humans
C. animals possible to use language as humans
D. animals with a system of communication worked out by humans
44) The results of the experiment with chimpanzees show the possibility to teach animals _____.
A. how to use language freely
B. how to give orders
C. how to obey orders
D. how to understand words and sentences
45) The phrase “concerned with” is closest in meaning to ________________.
A. interested in B. responsible for C. related to D. joined to
The little chefs Hilary Rose travels to Dorset, in the south of England, to investigate a cookery course for children. There must be something in the air in Dorset, because the last place you’d expect to fi nd children during the summer holidays is in the kitchen. Yet in a farmhouse, deep in the English countryside, that’s exactly where they are – on a cookery course designed especially for children. It’s all the idea of Anna Wilson, who wants to educate young children about cooking and eating in a healthy way. ‘I’m very keen to plant the idea in their heads that food doesn’t grow on supermarket shelves,’ she explains. ‘The course is all about making food fun and enjoyable.’ She thinks that eight is the perfect age to start teaching children to cook, because at that age they are always hungry. 9() These children are certainly all smiles as they arrive at the country farmhouse. Three girls and four boys aged from ten to thirteen make up the group. They are immediately given a tour of what will be ‘home’ for the next 48 hours. 10 But one thing is quite clear – they all have a genuine interest in food and learning how to cook. Anna has worked as a chef in all sorts of situations and has even cooked for the crew of a racing yacht, in limited space and diffi cult weather conditions. 11 ‘Kids are easy to teach,’ she insists, ‘because they’re naturally curious and if you treat them like adults they listen to you.’ Back in the kitchen, Anna is giving the introductory talk, including advice on keeping hands clean, and being careful around hot ovens. 12 Judging by the eager looks on their young faces as they watch Anna’s demonstration, they are just keen to start cooking. The children learn the simplest way, by watching and then doing it themselves. They gather round as Anna chops an onion for the fi rst evening meal. Then the boys compete with each other to chop their onions as fast as possible, while the girls work carefully, concentrating on being neat. 13 When they learn to make bread, the girls knead the dough with their hands competently, while the boys punch it into the board, cheerfully hitting the table with their fi sts. The following morning, four boys with dark shadows under their eyes stumble into the kitchen at 8.30 a.m. to learn how to make breakfast (sausages and eggs, and fruit drinks made with yoghurt and honey). We learn later that they didn’t stop talking until 4.30 a.m. 14 Ignoring this, Anna brightly continues trying to persuade everyone that fruit drinks are just as interesting as sausages and eggs. Anna has great plans for the courses and is reluctant to lower her standards in any way, even though her students are so young. 15 ‘And I like to keep the course fees down,’ Anna adds, ‘because if the children enjoy it and go on to teach their own children to cook, I feel it’s worth it.’ If this course doesn’t inspire them to cook, nothing will.
A This is followed by a session on ‘knife skills’, which will be important later on. T
B She always uses top- quality ingredients, such as the best cuts of meat and the fi nest cheeses, so there’s clearly no profi t motive in this operation.FC As they wander round, they argue lightheartedly about who has had the most experience in the kitchen.T
D In the garden, they learn about the herbs that they will use in their cooking.T
E Their obvious tiredness may explain why one of them goes about the task so carelessly that the ingredients end up on the fl oor.F
F This is particularly true of young boys, who are happy to do anything that will end in a meal T
G As a result, she has a very relaxed attitude to cooking, constantly encouraging the children and never talking down to them.F
H This contrast will become something of a theme during the course.F
Give the correct form of the words in bracket
1. We are going to give a...presentation... about water pollution (present)
2. Many people have received medical...treatment....because of the disease (treat)
3........Industrial...................has caused the problem of air pollution (industry)
4 The.......reduction.........in air pollution was dramatic last year (reduce)
5. Students are taught about...environmental.........issues at school (environment)
Read the passage and fill in the each blank with ONE suitable word
harms move affects indirect effects
protect harmful leads can caused
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
there are different kinds of negative and harmful effects of air pollution. Air pollution (1) effects global warming in a great scale. The global warming (2) leads to the increase of temperatures worldwide, the increase in sea levels and the melting of icebergs. It (3) harms all species on the earth. The effects of air pollution are very (4) harmful for health. It causes diferent kinds of diseases like heart attack, cancer,etc. Every year millions of people of all over the world die due to direct or (5) indirect effects of air pollution. Acid rain is another efect of air pollution. acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops. Air pollution (6) affects the wild life. Humans and animals face a lot of serious efects due to air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can forrce wildlife species to (7) move to new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants over the surface of the water can also affect sea animals. It is right time (8) protect ourr environment. To create a better place to live, we have to stop the air.
Báo cáo của Liên Hiệp Quốc nhìn một hành tinh cô đơn hơn với ít cây cối, động vật hơn
Trái đất đang mất dần các thực vật, động vật và nước sạch với tốc độ đáng kể, theo bốn báo cáo khoa học mới của Liên Hiệp Quốc. đưa ra cách nhìn toàn diện và địa phương về tình trạng đa dạng sinh học. Các cuộc họp của các nhà khoa học ở Colombia đã đưa ra 4 báo cáo về tình trạng động vật và thực vật ở châu Mỹ; Châu Âu và Trung Á; Châu phi; và khu vực Châu Á Thái Bình Dương. Kết luận của họ sau ba năm nghiên cứu: Không nơi nào làm tốt.
Chủ tịch nhóm nghiên cứu, ông Robert Watson, cho biết nền tảng chính sách khoa học-chính phủ về đa dạng sinh học và hệ sinh thái không chỉ là những con vật. Đó là việc giữ cho trái đất có thể sống được cho con người, bởi vì chúng ta dựa vào đa dạng sinh học đối với thực phẩm, nước sạch và sức khoẻ cộng đồng, nhà khoa học Anh và Mỹ nổi tiếng nói. "Điều này đang làm suy yếu sự thịnh vượng của chúng ta, đe dọa chúng ta lâu dài về thức ăn và nước," Watson nói trong một cuộc phỏng vấn. Các nhà khoa học đã chỉ ra cái chết cuối cùng của con tê giác trắng cuối cùng ở châu Phi và sự sụt giảm nghiêm trọng về số lượng con voi, hổ và tê tê, nhưng nói rằng đây chỉ là loài có khả năng nhìn thấy và hấp dẫn nhất đối với các loài đang gặp rắc rối.
Điều gì đang xảy ra là một ảnh hưởng phụ của thế giới ngày càng giàu có và đông đúc hơn với người dân, Watson nói. Con người cần nhiều thức ăn, nước sạch hơn, năng lượng và nhiều đất hơn. Và cách mà xã hội đã cố gắng đạt được đã làm giảm sự đa dạng sinh học, ông nói. Môi trường sống chủ yếu đã bị cắt đứt; các loài ngoại lai xâm lăng; hóa chất đã gây hại cho thực vật và động vật; vùng đất ngập nước và rừng ngập mặn làm sạch ô nhiễm đang biến mất; và vùng biển của thế giới bị đánh bắt quá mức, ông nói. Theo Watson, biến đổi khí hậu do con người gây ra ngày càng tồi tệ hơn và sự ấm lên toàn cầu sẽ sớm ảnh hưởng đến đa dạng sinh học cũng như tất cả các vấn đề khác