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a) \(A=\log_{5^{-2}}5^{\frac{5}{4}}=-\frac{1}{2}.\frac{5}{4}.\log_55=-\frac{5}{8}\)
b) \(B=9^{\frac{1}{2}\log_22-2\log_{27}3}=3^{\log_32-\frac{3}{4}\log_33}=\frac{2}{3^{\frac{3}{4}}}=\frac{2}{3\sqrt[3]{3}}\)
c) \(C=\log_3\log_29=\log_3\log_22^3=\log_33=1\)
d) Ta có \(D=\log_{\frac{1}{3}}6^2-\log_{\frac{1}{3}}400^{\frac{1}{2}}+\log_{\frac{1}{3}}\left(\sqrt[3]{45}\right)\)
\(=\log_{\frac{1}{3}}36-\log_{\frac{1}{3}}20+\log_{\frac{1}{3}}45\)
\(=\log_{\frac{1}{3}}\frac{36.45}{20}=\log_{3^{-1}}81=-\log_33^4=-4\)
\(A=\log_{\frac{\sqrt{b}}{a}}\frac{\sqrt[3]{b}}{\sqrt{a}}=\log_{\frac{\sqrt{b}}{a}}b^{\frac{1}{3}}-\log_{\frac{\sqrt{b}}{a}}a^{\frac{1}{3}}=\frac{1}{3\log_b\frac{\sqrt{b}}{a}}-\frac{1}{2\log_a\frac{\sqrt{b}}{a}}\)
\(=\frac{1}{3\left(\frac{1}{2}-\log_ba\right)}-\frac{1}{2\left(\frac{1}{2}\log_ab-1\right)}\)
\(=\frac{1}{3\left(\frac{1}{2}-\log_ba\right)}-\frac{1}{\log_ab-2}=\frac{a\log_ab}{3\left(\log_ab-2\right)}-\frac{1}{\log_ab-2}\)
\(=\frac{2\sqrt{3}-3}{3\left(\sqrt{3}-2\right)}=-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\)
a) Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy cho các số dương, ta có :
\(\log_23+\log_32>2\sqrt{\log_23.\log_32}=2\sqrt{1}=2\)
Không xảy ra dấu "=" vì \(\log_23\ne\log_32\)
Mặt khác, ta lại có :
\(\log_23+\log_32<\frac{5}{2}\Leftrightarrow\log_23+\frac{1}{\log_23}-\frac{5}{2}<0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\log^2_23-5\log_23+2<0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\log_23-1\right)\left(\log_23-2\right)<0\) (*)
Hơn nữa, \(2\log_23>2\log_22>1\) nên \(2\log_23-1>0\)
Mà \(\log_23<\log_24=2\Rightarrow\log_23-2<0\)
Từ đó suy ra (*) luôn đúng. Vậy \(2<\log_23+\log_32<\frac{5}{2}\)
b) Vì \(a,b\ge1\) nên \(\ln a,\ln b,\ln\frac{a+b}{2}\) không âm.
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy ta có
\(\ln a+\ln b\ge2\sqrt{\ln a.\ln b}\)
Suy ra
\(2\left(\ln a+\ln b\right)\ge\ln a+\ln b+2\sqrt{\ln a\ln b}=\left(\sqrt{\ln a}+\sqrt{\ln b}\right)^2\)
Mặt khác :
\(\frac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\Rightarrow\ln\frac{a+b}{2}\ge\frac{1}{2}\left(\ln a+\ln b\right)\)
Từ đó ta thu được :
\(\ln\frac{a+b}{2}\ge\frac{1}{4}\left(\sqrt{\ln a}+\sqrt{\ln b}\right)^2\)
hay \(\frac{\sqrt{\ln a}+\sqrt{\ln b}}{2}\le\sqrt{\ln\frac{a+b}{2}}\)
c) Ta chứng minh bài toán tổng quát :
\(\log_n\left(n+1\right)>\log_{n+1}\left(n+2\right)\) với mọi n >1
Thật vậy,
\(\left(n+1\right)^2=n\left(n+2\right)+1>n\left(n+2\right)>1\)
suy ra :
\(\log_{\left(n+1\right)^2}n\left(n+2\right)<1\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{2}\log_{n+1}n\left(n+2\right)<1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\log_{n+1}n+\log_{\left(n+1\right)}n\left(n+2\right)<2\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy ta có :
\(2>\log_{\left(n+1\right)}n+\log_{\left(n+1\right)}n\left(n+2\right)>2\sqrt{\log_{\left(n+1\right)}n.\log_{\left(n+1\right)}n\left(n+2\right)}\)
Do đó ta có :
\(1>\log_{\left(n+1\right)}n.\log_{\left(n+1\right)}n\left(n+2\right)\) và \(\log_n\left(n+1>\right)\log_{\left(n+1\right)}\left(n+2\right)\) với mọi n>1
1.
\(A=3log_{2^2}\sqrt{a}-log_{2^{-1}}a^2+2log_{a^{\dfrac{1}{2}}}a\)
\(=3.\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{1}{2}log_2a-\left(-1\right).2.log_2a+2.2.log_2a\)
\(=\dfrac{27}{4}log_2a\)
2.
\(log_{12}36=\dfrac{log_236}{log_212}=\dfrac{log_2\left(3^2.2^2\right)}{log_2\left(3.2^2\right)}=\dfrac{log_23^2+log_22^2}{log_23+log_22^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{2.log_23+2}{log_23+2}=\dfrac{2a+2}{a+2}\)
cho e hỏi tại sao \(3\log_{2^2}\sqrt{a}\) lại bằng \(3.\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{1}{2}\log_2a\) và \(2\log_{a^{\dfrac{1}{2}}}a=2.2.\log_2a\)
Ta có :
\(\begin{cases}a=\log_{27}5=\frac{\log_25}{\log_227}=\frac{\log_25}{3\log_23}=\frac{\log_25}{3c}\Rightarrow\log_25=3ac\\b=\log_87=\frac{\log_27}{\log_28}=\frac{\log_27}{3}\Rightarrow\log_27=3b\end{cases}\)
\(\Rightarrow J=\log_635=\frac{\log_235}{\log_26}=\frac{\log_25+\log_27}{1+\log_23}=\frac{3ac+3b}{1+c}\)
\(P=log_{\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b}}a+log_{\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b}}\sqrt[3]{b}=log_{\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b}}a+\dfrac{1}{3}log_{\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b}}b\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{log_a\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b}}+\dfrac{1}{3.log_b\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b}}=\dfrac{1}{log_a\sqrt{a}-log_ab}+\dfrac{1}{3\left(log_b\sqrt{a}-log_bb\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{2}-2}+\dfrac{1}{3\left(\dfrac{1}{4}-1\right)}=-\dfrac{10}{9}\)
Ta có \(a=\log_{25}7=\frac{\log_27}{\log_225}=\frac{\log_27}{2\log_25}=\frac{\log_27}{2b}\Rightarrow\log_27=2ab\)
\(\Rightarrow H=\log_{\sqrt[3]{5}}\frac{49}{8}=\frac{\log_2\frac{49}{8}}{\log_2\sqrt[3]{5}}=\frac{\log_2\frac{7^2}{2^2}}{\log_25^{\frac{1}{3}}}=\frac{2\log_27-3}{\frac{1}{3}\log_25}=\frac{12ab-9}{b}\)
Ta có : \(\left(a^{\log_37}\right)^{\log_37}+\left(b^{\log_711}\right)^{\log_711}+\left(c^{\log_{11}25}\right)^{\log_{11}25}=27^{^{\log_37}}+49^{^{\log_711}}+\left(\sqrt{11}\right)^{^{\log_{11}25}}\)
\(=7^3+11^2+25^{\frac{1}{2}}=469\)
Chọn 2 làm cơ số, ta có :
\(A=\log_616=\frac{\log_216}{\log_26}=\frac{4}{1=\log_23}\)
Mặt khác :
\(x=\log_{12}27=\frac{\log_227}{\log_212}=\frac{3\log_23}{2+\log_23}\)
Do đó : \(\log_23=\frac{2x}{3-x}\) suy ra \(A=\frac{4\left(3-x\right)}{3+x}\)
b) Ta có :
\(B=\frac{lg30}{lg125}=\frac{lg10+lg3}{3lg\frac{10}{2}}=\frac{1+lg3}{3\left(1-lg2\right)}=\frac{1+a}{3\left(1-b\right)}\)
c) Ta có :
\(C=\log_65+\log_67=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{\log_25}+\frac{1}{\log_35}}+\frac{1}{\frac{1}{\log_27}+\frac{1}{\log_37}}\)
Ta tính \(\log_25,\log_35,\log_27,\log_37\) theo a, b, c .
Từ : \(a=\log_{27}5=\log_{3^3}5=\frac{1}{3}\log_35\)
Suy ra \(\log_35=3a\) do đó :
\(\log_25=\log_23.\log35=3ac\)
Mặt khác : \(b=\log_87=\log_{2^3}7=\frac{1}{3}\log_27\) nên \(\log_27=3b\)
Do đó : \(\log_37=\frac{\log_27}{\log_23}=\frac{3b}{c}\)
Vậy : \(C=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{3ac}+\frac{1}{3a}}+\frac{1}{\frac{1}{3b}+\frac{c}{3b}}=\frac{3\left(ac+b\right)}{1+c}\)
d) Điều kiện : \(a>0;a\ne0;b>0\)
Từ giả thiết \(\log_ab=\sqrt{3}\) suy ra \(b=a^{\sqrt{3}}\). Do đó :
\(\frac{\sqrt{b}}{a}=a^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-1};\frac{\sqrt[3]{b}}{\sqrt{a}}=a^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}-\frac{1}{2}}=a^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-1\right)}\)
Từ đó ta tính được :
\(A=\log_{a^{\alpha}}a^{\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}\alpha}=\log_{a^{\alpha}}\left(a^{\alpha}\right)^{\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}}=\frac{-\sqrt{3}}{3}\) với \(\alpha=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-1\)