Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,...
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders '" It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.
It can be understood that________
A. Leaders are sometimes chosen formally or informally.
B. There is lots of tension and conflict in an election of a leader in the family.
C. There is usually an election to choose leaders in a family as well as in larger groups.
D. It has been said that there must be a set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common.
Fun matching.
Don’t use the cell phone while you are driving.
(Đừng sử dụng điện thoại di động khi đang lái xe.)
As I was walking down the street, I saw James driving a Porsche.
(Khi tôi đang đi trên đường, tôi thấy James đang lái con xe Porsche.)
He went to work after he fed the cats.
(Anh ấy đi làm sau khi cho mèo ăn.)
He went abroad after he finished his studies.
(Anh ấy ra nước ngoài sau khi hoàn thành việc học.)
Bring me some water before you go.
(Đem cho tôi ít nước trước khi cậu đi.)
They were told to wait till the signal was given.
(Họ được nói là đợi đến khi tín hiệu được đưa ra.)
I will wait here until you arrive.
(Tôi sẽ chờ ở đây cho đến khi bạn đến.)
As soon as he heard the news, he called me.
(Anh ấy gọi cho tôi ngay khi nghe được tin.)
Just as he entered the room the clock struck.
(Đồng hồ kêu ngay khi cậu ta vừa bước vào phòng.)